diff --git a/src/stores/ai.ts b/src/stores/ai.ts
index a1869c2..6f05111 100644
--- a/src/stores/ai.ts
+++ b/src/stores/ai.ts
@@ -19,8 +19,23 @@
 //!   故 useAiStore() 之外无需手动 init;以下 import 即触发恢复逻辑
 //! - state 为模块级单例,全应用共享同一引用
 
-import { reactive } from 'vue'
+import { reactive, watch } from 'vue'
 import type { AiChatEvent, AiConversationSummary, AiMessage, AiProviderConfig, AiToolCallInfo, SkillInfo } from '../api/types'
+
+/**
+ * 单对话 messages 软上限(滚动淘汰)。
+ *
+ * 设计要点:
+ * - 单对话内 messages 线性增长(useAiSend push user+ai / useAiEvents push err 审批 / useAiStream push delta),
+ *   长会话 + 大工具结果内存可观;push 触发后,若超限 splice 掉最早条,保近期消息可见。
+ * - 切换对话走 `state.messages = rawMsgs` 整体替换(见 useAiConversations),是另一减负点,
+ *   不受本上限约束 —— watch 仅拦截"push 式增长"(length 小幅单调增,oldVal>0 且增量≤2),
+ *   对整体替换(length 大跳变 / oldVal=0 首次加载)放行,保留后端历史全量。
+ * - 现有 push 逻辑(composables 内)零改动,上限由本模块 watch 统一兜底。
+ */
+const MESSAGE_CAP = 200
+/** push 单次增量上限(用于区分 push 增长 vs 整体替换)。useAiSend 连续 push user+ai=2,其余事件 push 1。 */
+const MESSAGE_PUSH_BURST = 2
 import { useAiEvents } from '../composables/ai/useAiEvents'
 import { useAiStream } from '../composables/ai/useAiStream'
 import { useAiSend } from '../composables/ai/useAiSend'
@@ -64,6 +79,25 @@ export const state = reactive({
 // 若有外部模块仍从本文件 import 这些类型,下方 re-export 兜底:
 export type { AiChatEvent, AiConversationSummary, AiMessage, AiProviderConfig, AiToolCallInfo, SkillInfo }
 
+/**
+ * messages 软上限守卫:push 式增长超 MESSAGE_CAP 时,splice 掉最早条滚动淘汰。
+ *
+ * 仅拦截 push(oldVal>0 且 newVal-oldVal ≤ MESSAGE_PUSH_BURST);整体替换(切换对话)
+ * 放行,避免截断后端历史。watch 在模块加载即注册(state 单例生命周期内常驻)。
+ */
+watch(
+  () => state.messages.length,
+  (newLen, oldLen) => {
+    if (
+      oldLen > 0 &&
+      newLen - oldLen <= MESSAGE_PUSH_BURST &&
+      newLen > MESSAGE_CAP
+    ) {
+      state.messages.splice(0, newLen - MESSAGE_CAP)
+    }
+  },
+)
+
 /**
  * AI Store 统一入口 — 返回单例 state + 全部方法。
  *
diff --git a/src/stores/knowledge.ts b/src/stores/knowledge.ts
index d175c64..040a19c 100644
--- a/src/stores/knowledge.ts
+++ b/src/stores/knowledge.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ const state = reactive({
   error: null as string | null,
 })
 
+// ── 异步竞态保护(请求序号,类似 ai.ts messages 的 switch token 模式) ──
+// 快速连点(切换筛选/连续检索/重连)时,旧响应晚到会覆盖新响应。序号自增,
+// 请求发起时捕获序号,响应回时比对:非最新请求的响应直接丢弃,只取最新。
+// items 序号覆盖 loadList/loadCandidates/search;candidates 与 items 共用同一队列
+// (loadList/search 写 items,loadCandidates 写 candidates),故 items 序号也兜底 candidates。
+let _itemsReqSeq = 0
+let _configReqSeq = 0
+
 // 7 种知识类型(snake_case,与后端 KnowledgeKind 对齐)
 // 仅存 key + icon;展示文案(label)走 i18n: $t('knowledge.kind.<key>')
 export const KNOWLEDGE_KINDS = [
@@ -45,81 +53,118 @@ export function parseTags(tags: string | null): string[] {
 export function useKnowledgeStore() {
   // ── 加载列表(默认排除 archived) ──
   async function loadList(status?: string) {
+    const seq = ++_itemsReqSeq
     state.loading = true
     state.error = null
     try {
-      state.items = await knowledgeApi.list(status ?? null)
+      const result = await knowledgeApi.list(status ?? null)
+      if (seq !== _itemsReqSeq) return // 旧响应丢弃,只取最新
+      state.items = result
     } catch (e: any) {
+      if (seq !== _itemsReqSeq) return // 旧请求的失败不污染当前视图
       state.error = e?.toString() ?? '加载知识库失败'
     } finally {
-      state.loading = false
+      if (seq === _itemsReqSeq) state.loading = false
     }
   }
 
   // ── 加载审核收件箱(候选列表) ──
   async function loadCandidates() {
+    const seq = ++_itemsReqSeq
     try {
-      state.candidates = await knowledgeApi.listCandidates()
+      const result = await knowledgeApi.listCandidates()
+      if (seq !== _itemsReqSeq) return // 旧响应丢弃,只取最新
+      state.candidates = result
     } catch (e: any) {
+      if (seq !== _itemsReqSeq) return
       state.error = e?.toString() ?? '加载收件箱失败'
     }
   }
 
   async function search(query: string, kind?: string) {
+    const seq = ++_itemsReqSeq
     state.loading = true
     state.error = null
     try {
-      state.items = await knowledgeApi.search({ query, kind })
+      const result = await knowledgeApi.search({ query, kind })
+      if (seq !== _itemsReqSeq) return // 旧响应丢弃,只取最新
+      state.items = result
     } catch (e: any) {
+      if (seq !== _itemsReqSeq) return
       state.error = e?.toString() ?? '检索失败'
     } finally {
-      state.loading = false
+      if (seq === _itemsReqSeq) state.loading = false
     }
   }
 
   async function create(input: CreateKnowledgeInput) {
-    const record = await knowledgeApi.create(input)
-    // 手动录入默认 candidate,刷新收件箱。
-    // create 已成功返回 record,刷新失败不应污染成功语义 —— 直接走原始 API + 非阻塞 console.warn,
-    // 不经 loadCandidates(后者会写 state.error,污染 create 成功语义)。
     try {
-      state.candidates = await knowledgeApi.listCandidates()
+      const record = await knowledgeApi.create(input)
+      // 手动录入默认 candidate,刷新收件箱。
+      // create 已成功返回 record,刷新失败不应污染成功语义 —— 直接走原始 API + 非阻塞 console.warn,
+      // 不经 loadCandidates(后者会写 state.error,污染 create 成功语义)。
+      try {
+        state.candidates = await knowledgeApi.listCandidates()
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        console.warn('create 后刷新收件箱失败(非阻塞)', e?.toString?.() ?? e)
+      }
+      return record
     } catch (e: any) {
-      console.warn('create 后刷新收件箱失败(非阻塞)', e?.toString?.() ?? e)
+      state.error = e?.toString() ?? '创建知识失败'
+      return null
     }
-    return record
   }
 
   async function updateStatus(id: string, status: string) {
-    await knowledgeApi.updateStatus(id, status)
-    // 从 items 和 candidates 中同步移除
-    state.items = state.items.filter(k => k.id !== id)
-    state.candidates = state.candidates.filter(k => k.id !== id)
+    try {
+      await knowledgeApi.updateStatus(id, status)
+      // 从 items 和 candidates 中同步移除
+      state.items = state.items.filter(k => k.id !== id)
+      state.candidates = state.candidates.filter(k => k.id !== id)
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      state.error = e?.toString() ?? '更新状态失败'
+    }
   }
 
   async function archive(id: string) {
-    await knowledgeApi.archive(id)
-    state.items = state.items.filter(k => k.id !== id)
-    state.candidates = state.candidates.filter(k => k.id !== id)
+    try {
+      await knowledgeApi.archive(id)
+      state.items = state.items.filter(k => k.id !== id)
+      state.candidates = state.candidates.filter(k => k.id !== id)
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      state.error = e?.toString() ?? '归档失败'
+    }
   }
 
   // ── 配置 ──
   async function loadConfig() {
+    const seq = ++_configReqSeq
     try {
-      state.config = await knowledgeApi.getConfig()
+      const result = await knowledgeApi.getConfig()
+      if (seq !== _configReqSeq) return // 旧响应丢弃,只取最新
+      state.config = result
     } catch (e: any) {
+      if (seq !== _configReqSeq) return
       state.error = e?.toString() ?? '加载配置失败'
     }
   }
 
   async function saveConfig(config: KnowledgeConfig) {
-    await knowledgeApi.saveConfig(config)
-    state.config = config
+    try {
+      await knowledgeApi.saveConfig(config)
+      state.config = config
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      state.error = e?.toString() ?? '保存配置失败'
+    }
   }
 
   async function extractNow() {
-    await knowledgeApi.extractNow()
-    await loadCandidates()
+    try {
+      await knowledgeApi.extractNow()
+      await loadCandidates()
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      state.error = e?.toString() ?? '立即抽取失败'
+    }
   }
 
   // ── 生命线:详情 / 编辑 / 事件查询(按需调用,不入全局 state) ──